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Integration / Apache Pulsar Interview questions

What is message retention in Pulsar?

Retention determines how long already-acknowledged messages are kept in BookKeeper after every subscription has consumed them, since by default Pulsar deletes data once no subscription needs it anymore.

Configuring a retention policy (size- and/or time-based) at the namespace or topic level keeps messages around even after acknowledgment, useful for replaying history or onboarding a new subscription that needs to read from an earlier point.

This differs from a backlog quota, which limits how much unacknowledged data can accumulate for slow or stalled consumers - retention protects already-read data, backlog quota protects against unread data growing unbounded.

By default, once every subscription acknowledges a message, Pulsar will:
Retention differs from backlog quota because retention governs:

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Explain about Apache Pulsar. What is Apache Pulsar? What is a Pulsar broker? What is Apache BookKeeper? What are tenants and namespaces in Pulsar? What is a topic in Pulsar? What is a producer in Pulsar? What is a consumer in Pulsar? What is a subscription in Pulsar? Define a partitioned topic in Pulsar? What is Pulsar's metadata store used for? What are Pulsar Functions? What is Pulsar IO? Describe geo-replication in Pulsar? What is tiered storage in Pulsar? What is a non-persistent topic in Pulsar? What are the subscription types in Pulsar? What is message retention in Pulsar? What is schema registry in Pulsar? List the core components of a Pulsar cluster? How do you create a topic in Pulsar? What is the difference between Pulsar and Kafka's storage architecture? How does Pulsar separate compute and storage? Why is Pulsar considered multi-tenant by design? What is the difference between Shared and Exclusive subscriptions? How does Key_Shared subscription maintain ordering? When should you use Failover subscription instead of Exclusive? What is the difference between a ledger and a segment in BookKeeper? How does Pulsar achieve message deduplication? Why do brokers in Pulsar not store data locally? What happens when a broker crashes in Pulsar? How does namespace bundle splitting work? What is the difference between backlog quota and retention policy? When should you use a Reader instead of a Consumer? How does topic compaction work in Pulsar? Why is ensemble size different from write quorum in BookKeeper? What is the difference between persistent and non-persistent topics? How does Pulsar handle delayed message delivery? What happens when a consumer negatively acknowledges a message? Explain the lifecycle of a message in Pulsar from produce to acknowledge? How can you optimize Pulsar for high-throughput workloads? How do you troubleshoot a growing backlog in Pulsar? Explain the execution flow of topic ownership failover in Pulsar? How can you optimize BookKeeper storage costs using tiered storage? Explain the internal working of Pulsar transactions? Which is better for exactly-once processing: idempotent producers or transactions, and why? How do you troubleshoot unbalanced load across brokers? Explain the lifecycle of a namespace bundle from creation to split? How can you optimize consumer throughput with Key_Shared subscriptions? Explain the execution flow of a Pulsar Function processing a message? How do you troubleshoot message duplication in a Pulsar producer?
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