Web / Angular Interview questions
1. What is AngularJS?
AngularJS is a javascript framework used for creating single web page applications and dynamic web apps. AngularJS is a structural framework that lets you use HTML as your template language and enables you extend HTML syntax to express your application components clearly and succinctly.
2. What are the key features of AngularJS.
Two Way Data-Binding, Templates, MVC, Dependency Injection, Directives, Testing.
3. What are the advantages of using AngularJS?
AngularJS is a powerful JavaScript based framework that enables creating Single Page Application (SPA) and RICH Internet Application(RIA) . AngularJS applications are cross-browser compliant . AngularJS automatically handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser. AngularJS is open source, fre...
4. What are the key components of AngularJS Framework?
The below 3 core directives forms the AngularJS framework. ng-app − directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML. ng-model − directive binds the AngularJS application data to HTML input controls. ng-bind − binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.
5. What are the limitations of using AngularJS?
AngularJS runs on the client side browser that make it quite obvious to compromise on the Application security. By minimizing the JS files in Production environment and leveraging other security measures, we could build better application security. Client must enable JavaScript in the browser to ...
6. Explain about AngularJS Expression.
AngularJS expressions are code snippets that are usually placed in binding inside double braces such as {{ expression }}. Expressions are used to bind application data to html. AngularJS expressions are pure javascript expressions and outputs the data where they are used.
7. Can we pass parameters to an AngularJS controller?
Yes. Using ng-init directive and a simple init function we can pass parameters to the AngularJS Controller.
8. What is bower?
Bower is a package manager for the web, Bower can manage AngularJS components that contain HTML, CSS, JavaScript, fonts or even image files. Bower does not concatenate or minify code or do anything else - it just installs the right versions of the packages you need and their dependencies.
9. What is a component in Angular?
Angular applications are made up of components. A component is the combination of an HTML template and a component class that controls a portion of the screen. import { Component } from '@angular/core' ; @Component ({ selector: 'my-app' , template: ` < h1 > Hello {{name}} ` }) export clas...
10. What are .ts extension files?
They are TypeScript files, a superset of JavaScript. Angular uses TypeScript because its types make it easy to support developer productivity with tooling.
11. How do you communicate between different modules of your application using angularjs?
The below are the ways to communicate between modules of your application using core AngularJS functionality include, Using services, Using events, By assigning models on $rootScope, Directly between controllers, using $parent, $$childHead, $$nextSibling. Directly between controllers, using Contr...
12. How does interpolation, for example "{{ someModel }}" works?
It relies on $interpolation, a service called by the compiler. It evaluates text and markup which may contain AngularJS expressions. For every interpolated expression, a watch() is set. $interpolation returns a function, which has a single argument, "context". By calling that function and providi...
13. What is $rootScope and how does it relate to $scope?
$rootScope is the parent object of all $scope objected created in an angular application.
14. Advantages of components in AngularJS.
Simpler configuration than plain directives. Promote sane defaults and best practices. Optimized for component-based architecture. Writing component directives will make it easier to upgrade to Angular 2.
15. What is ngBind directive in AngularJS?
The ngBind attribute tells AngularJS to replace the text content of the specified HTML element with the value of a given expression, and to update the text content when the value of that expression changes. It is preferable to use ngBind instead of {{ expression }} if a template is momentarily di...
16. What is ngIf directive in Angular?
ngIf evaluates the expression and then renders the then or else template in its place when expression is truthy or falsy respectively. 'then' template is the inline template of ngIf unless bound to a different value and 'else' template is blank unless it is bound.
17. Difference between ng-show/ng-hide directives and ngIf in angularjs.
ng-show/ng-hide will always insert the DOM element, but will display/hide it based on the condition. While ng-if will not insert the DOM element until the condition is not fulfilled.
18. Explain directives in Angular.
Angular directives are used to extend HTML and DOM elements's behavior. These are the special attributes, that start with ng- prefix, instructs Angular HTML compiler ($compile) to attach a specified behavior to that DOM element. Examples of Angular inbuilt directives include ngApp, ngInit, ngBind...
19. What is the role of selector property of components in AngularJS?
The selector property instructs the Angular to display the component inside a custom tag in the index.html. @Component ({ selector: 'myApp' , template: ` < h1 > Hi {{name}} ` }) In the above example, selector tells the Angular to display component inside the custom tag 'myApp'.
20. Explain Angular architecture.
Angular architecture consists of 8 modules, Module, Component, Template, Metadata, Data binding, Service, Directive, and Dependency Injection.
21. Type of module in Angular 2.
There are 2 types, Root and feature modules. There is only one root module and many feature modules in an Angular application.
22. Explain root module in angular2.
Root module is an angular module class that describes how the application is assembled and the parts fitted together. The root module is usually named as AppModule. Every angular application has at least one module, the root module to bootstrap and launch the application. There is only one root m...
23. What is an Angular module?
A module groups and work as container for the different parts of application such as controllers, services, directives, pipes and so on.
24. What does the npm start do?
npm start command usually run 2 commands parallelly. 1 command watches for typescript file changes to refresh and the other for lite-server to load the index html file on the browser and refresh as required.
25. How do I create a multiline template in the Angular component?
Use backtick "`" instead of single quote.
26. What is RXJS and how does it relate to Angular?
RxJS is a library for reactive programming using Observables, to make it easier to compose asynchronous or callback-based code. Angular is built on top of RXJS.
27. How to check if a variable is defined using ngIf in Angular?
Check the variable against undefined keyword. *ngIf= "dolRecords !== undefined"
28. How to check for multiple conditions using Angular ng-if?
Use logical operator such as and (&&) to evaluate multiple conditions.
29. Features of Angular2.
Angular 2 is component based . Controllers and $scope are no longer in use and have been replaced by components and directives. The specification for directives is considerably simplified and using @Directive annotation, a directive can be declared. Improved dependency injection model in Angular2...
30. Explain ng-container in Angular.
ng-container is a logical container used to group nodes but is not rendered in the DOM tree as a node. ng-container can conditionally append a group of elements, using ngif in your application, it eliminates the need to wrap them with another element. Title
31. Types of directives in Angular.
There are 3 types. Component, Attribute Directive, and Structural.
32. Difference between Directive and component in Angular.
Directives associate behavior to elements in the DOM, consisting of Structural, Attribute and Component types. Components are a type of directive in Angular that allows utilizing web component functionality - encapsulated, reusable elements available throughout our application. The main differenc...
33. Difference between ngOnInit and ngAfterViewInit of Angular2.
ngOnInit is a life cycle hook called by Angular2 to indicate that Angular is done creating the component. ngAfterViewInit is also a lifecycle hook that is called after a component's view has been fully initialized.
34. Difference between Constructor and ngOnInit in Angular.
The Constructor of the class is executed when the class is instantiated and ensures proper initialization of fields in the class and its subclasses. Angular or better DI analyzes the constructor parameters and when it creates a new instance by calling new MyClass() it tries to find providers that...
35. What is a zone in Angular?
A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks and allows the creator of the zone to observe and control execution of the code within the zone. These execution contexts allow Angular to track the start and completion of asynchronous activities and perform tasks as required (for e...
36. Can we use ngIf and ngFor on the same element in Angular?
No, Angular2 does not support more than one structural directive on the same element. You may use the element that allows you to use separate elements for each structural directive in a nested format.
37. What is router-link directive?
The RouterOutlet directive tells our router where to render the content in the view.
38. Difference between router-link and [router-link] with brackets.
Use brackets to pass a bindable property (a variable).
39. Explain Hot Module Replacement (HMR).
Hot Module Replacement (HMR) exchanges, adds, or removes modules while an application is running, without a full reload. This can significantly speed up development process.
40. What is webpack?
webpack is a static module bundler for modern JavaScript applications. When webpack processes your application, it recursively builds a dependency graph that includes every module your application needs, then packages all of those modules into one or more bundles.
41. Difference between ng model and ng bind directives.
'ng-model' is an angular directive used for achieving two-way data binding. Any modifications to that model from the Scope/Controller will be automatically propagated to the view regardless of whether the view is asking for the updated data and any modifications to that model from the View will b...
42. What is forRoot and forChild method in angular?
The forRoot is a static method and it helps to configure the modules. For example, RouterModule.forRoot. The RouterModule also has forChild method, static method used to configure the routes of lazy-loaded modules. The forRoot and forChild are the traditional names for methods that configure serv...
43. How do you create and register/provide service using ng CLI?
It is possible to provide the service when creating the service. When you create the service using NG CLI specify the module using (--module or -m) to provide as shown below. ng g s KenoDataService --module=app.module
44. Difference between declarations, providers, and import in NgModule.
imports makes the exported declarations of other modules available in the current module. declarations make directives (including components and pipes) from the current module available to other directives in the current module. Selectors of directives, components or pipes are only matched agains...
45. Explain pipes in Angular.
Angular pipes is a way to write display-value transformations that you can declare in your HTML. A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it into the desired output. In the below example, pipe transforms a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date. import { Component } from '@a...
46. What is angular routing?
The Angular Router enables navigation from one view to the other as users perform application tasks. Angular router interpret a browser URL to navigate to a client-generated view. It also can pass parameters along to the supporting view component that help it decide dynamic content to present. Yo...
47. How to check the Angular version installed?
For angular 4+, use one of the below commands. ng version, ng -v.
48. Explain the structure of Angular application projects.
For instance, take the structure of the Shopper Stop angular application. e2e folder holds end to end test cases that help ensure the angular components are working correctly. This subfolder stores configuration and source files for a set of end-to-end tests that correspond to angular application...
49. What is angular CLI?
Angular CLI is a command line interface to scaffold and build angular apps. It provides a scalable project structure and also handles most of the task in building the application. Angular CLI comes with a handful of commands to set up and build your project from scratch. Below are few commands. n...
50. Elements of the Component decorator in Angular.
The Component decorator is an object with many properties such as, selector specifies the tag (html identifier) used to call this component in HTML templates as any standard HTML tags. templateUrl specifies HTML template path used to display this component. Alternatively template parameter may be...
51. Explain Angular services.
Services are a great way to share information among components/classes that don't know each other. Services can be injected into any component and it usually holds data/code providing data for one or more components. To create a service using angular CLI, use the below command. ng g service searc...
52. How do I create a service as a singleton in Angular?
We can create a service as singleton in Angular in 2 ways: Declare that the service should be provided in the application root. This is done by setting providedIn to root on the service's @Injectable decorator as shown below. This is the preferred way to create a singleton service starting Angula...
53. What is service worker and its advantages in Angular?
Service worker is a script that runs in a web browser and manages cache of any web application. Angular applications are turned into progressive web application (PWA) after implementing service worker there by benefitted by, increased reliability and performance, eliminate additional low level co...
54. How does *ngIf directive works?
ngIf directive does not show or hide an element from DOM. Instead, the ngIf directive removes or recreates a portion of the DOM tree based on the ngIf {expression}. If the expression assigned to ngIf evaluates to a false value then the element is removed from the DOM, otherwise, a clone of the el...
55. Difference between ng-class and ng-style directives.
ng-style is used to interpolate javascript object into style attribute. ng-style="{width: 10px}" The above directive will be translated to style="width:10px". ng-class directive translates your object into class attribute. ng-class="{'highlight-class': isActive}" The above template is translated ...
56. Difference between Component and template/templateURL.
In Angular as compared to MVC, a component acts as a controller/ViewModel while template represent the "view".
57. Default view encapsulation model in Angular.
Emulated view encapsulation is the default encapsulation that emulates the behavior of shadow DOM by preprocessing (and renaming) the CSS code to effectively scope the CSS to the component's view.
58. What is Ivy in Angular?
Ivy is the code name for Angular's next-generation compilation and rendering pipeline. With the version 9 release of Angular, the new compiler and runtime instructions are used by default instead of the older compiler and runtime, known as View Engine.
59. Types of directives in Angular.
There are 3 types of directives in Angular: Components , directives with a template. Structural directives , changes the DOM layout by adding and removing DOM elements. Examples are NgFor and NgIf. Attribute directives , changes the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another dire...
60. What are structural directives in Angular?
Structual directives are responsible for HTML Layouts, reshaping DOM structure by dynamically adding and removing/manipulating elements. Structural directives have *(asterisk) preceding the attribute name and no square brackets nor parenthesis. This makes structural directives easy to identify. E...
61. Difference between Structural and attribute directives.
Structural directive. Attribute directive. Structural directives are responsible for HTML layout. They shape and modify the DOM's structure by adding, removing, or manipulating elements. . Attribute directive are used as element attributes that change the appearance or behavior of an element, com...
62. What is <ng-template> in Angular?
The
63. Explain <ng-container> element in Angular.
The Angular
64. Name a few builtin pipes in Angular that you are aware of.
Angular comes with builtin pipes such as DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, LowerCasePipe, CurrencyPipe, and PercentPipe.
65. What are the different types of Pipes in Angular?
There are 2 types of pipes: pure and impure . Pipes are pure by default. You make a pipe impure by setting its pure flag to false. @Pipe ({ name: 'exponential' , pure: false }) Angular executes a pure pipe only when it detects a pure change to the input value. A pure change is either a change to ...
66. What is JsonPipe?
JsonPipe is an inbuilt pipe that converts a value/object into its JSON-format representation. It is usually used for debugging. {{ value_expression | json }}
67. What are the methods in Angular FormBuilder?
The FormBuilder service is an injectable provider that is provided with the reactive forms module. The FormBuilder service has 3 methods: control(), group() , and array() . These are factory methods for generating instances in your component classes including form controls, form groups, and form ...
68. What is ngForm directive?
The NgForm directive powers the form element with additional features. It holds the controls you created for the elements with a ngModel directive and name attribute, monitors their properties and its validity.
69. What are the child classes of AbstractControl?
AbstractControl is the base class for FormControl, FormGroup, and FormArray.
70. Difference between Promises and Observable.
Promise. Observable. A Promise handles only one event when an async operation completes or fails. An Observable is like a Stream and accepts 0 or more (multiple) events where the callback is called for each event. Promise doesn't support cancelation. Observables are cancelable. Promises execute i...
71. What is NGModule?
An NgModule describes how the application components fit together. Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to launch the application. By convention, it is usually called AppModule. The @NgModule decorator identifies AppModule as an NgModule class. @Ng...
72. Can a Angular component be declared in multiple modules?
No . A component can be declared only in one module and that module be reused by importing it.
73. Design a game using Angular in which the user should click on the highlighted area to score before it vanishes. Also, it should display score with different levels like easy/medium/difficult.
pleae find the game app in stackbliz .
74. What is tree shaking in Angular?
Tree shaking is a step as part of the build process in which eliminates/drops code in your project that are not used/referenced anywhere.
75. What defines an Angular view?
A Angular components and its HTML template together defines an Angular view
76. Difference between a view, a host view, and an embedded view.
Each component along with its template in Angular is represented as a view. The embedded view is a view that is created for the view nodes specified in the ng-template. It's like a component view but it doesn't have a wrapper component element and component data like injector
77. Difference between createEmbeddedView and createComponent in Angular.
createEmbeddedView is used to create a view using TemplateRef. TemplateRef is created by Angular compiler when it encounters ng-template tag in your component HTML. The view created using this method is called an embedded view. createComponent is used to create a view using ComponentFactory. It i...
78. Various forms of data binding markup in Angular.
There are 4 forms. {{value}}, [property]="value", (event)="handler", [(ng-model)] ="property".
79. Is ngModel an attribute directive?
Yes. ngModel modifies the behavior of an existing element by setting its display value property and responding to change events.
80. Mention a few roles of Services in Angular.
Service fetch data from server, also it can be used to validate user inputs.
81. How do I make a parent component listen for child events?
The parent component may bind to the EventEmitter property of child that emit events and react to those events. The child's EventEmitter property is an output property decorated with @Output() .
82. What is the difference between CSS and SCSS?
CSS is the styling language that any browser understands to style webpages. SCSS is a special type of file for SASS, a program written in Ruby that assembles CSS style sheets for a browser. SASS adds lots of additional functionality to CSS like variables, nesting and more which can make writing C...
83. What is router outlet in Angular?
The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library used as a component. It acts as a placeholder that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the components for that outlet.
84. What are angular guards?
Guards in Angular are like components that gets executed before the route is loaded or the ones leaving the route. Guards help protect the route.
85. Mention a few drawbacks (disadvantages) of using Angular.
Steep learning curve required. Performance may be concern in complex SPA applications. Limited SEO options and less accessibility for search engine crawlers.
86. What is Angular Universal or Angular SSR?
Angular Universal also known as Angular SSR (Server side rendering) is a technology that renders Angular applications on the server. A regular Angular application executes in the browser, rendering pages in the DOM in response to user actions. However Angular Universal executes on the server, gen...
87. Explain index signature in typescript.
Index signatures are used to define objects that is used as dictionaries. interface KeyMap { [ key: string ] : number; } keyMap : KeyMap = {}; keyMap [ ' key1 ' ] = 4 ;
88. Can we consume SOAP web service with Angular Application?
Yes. ngx-soap npm library we can access SOAP web services using Angular application. ngx-soap is a simple SOAP client for Angular 6/7. 1. install ngx-soap and dependencies npm install --save ngx-soap npm install --save buffer concat-stream core-js crypto-js events lodash sax stream uuid 2. Add Ng...
89. Key features of IndexedDB.
IndexedDB databases store key-value pairs. IndexedDB is built on a transactional database model. The IndexedDB API is asynchronous. IndexedDB uses DOM events to notify you when results are available. IndexedDB is object-oriented. IndexedDB does not use Structured Query Language (SQL) and adheres ...
90. What is Web worker in Angular?
Web workers allow you to run CPU-intensive computations in a background thread, freeing the main thread to update the user interface. If you find your application performs a lot of computations, such as image processing, looped mathematical calculations, using web workers can help increase your a...
91. How do you handle right-click event on a DIV in Angular?
92. How do you handle double-click in Angular?
93. What is a nested route in Angular?
In a real-world complex application, you may want to create routes that are relative to a component other than your root component. These types of nested routes are called child routes. This means you're adding a second < router-outlet> to your app because it is in addition to the in the root com...
94. Types of LocationStrategy in Angular routes.
The router supports both styles with two LocationStrategy providers. PathLocationStrategy , the default "HTML5 pushState" style, a LocationStrategy used to configure the Location service to represent its state in the path of the browser's URL. The RouterModule.forRoot() function sets the Location...
95. Difference between RouterModule.forRoot() and forChild().
There are two methods we can invoke using RouterModule in order to register routes: forRoot, and forChild. The forRoot() method creates a NgModule that contains all the directives, the given routes, and the Router service itself. The forChild() method creates a NgModule that contains all the dire...
96. What is APP_INITIALIZER in Angular?
APP_INITIALIZER register listeners for the Angular bootstrap process which serves as hooks during Application initialization. This way we can use such hooks to subscribe to the application bootstrap process and perform our initialization logic. The APP_INITIALIZER is an instance of InjectionToken...
97. Advantages of SCSS over CSS?
SCSS is full of advanced features, SCSS offers variables which you can use to shorten your code. It is a great advantage over conventional CSS. SCSS adds the feature of @import which lets you import your customized SCSS files.
98. Why do we need to use Angular?
Angular is a JavaScript Binding framework that binds the HTML UI and Javascript Model. This helps you to reduce your effort on writing those long lines of code for binding. Angular helps you to build SPA by using the concept of routing. It also has lots of other features like HTTP, DI, Input(), O...
99. Difference between AngularJS vs Angular.
AngularJS Angular Versions (1.x) 2, 4, 5, 6,7,8, 9 and 10 Language JavaScript TypeScript Architecture Controller Component Mobile compliant No Yes CLI No Yes Lazy loading No Yes SEO No Yes Server side No Yes
100. Types of Angular directives.
The different types of Angular directives are as follows: Components - directives with a template. This type of directive is the most common directive type. Attribute directives - directives that change the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another directive. Structural directiv...
101. Explain the importance of NPM and node_modules folder?
NPM is a package manager which makes the installation of JavaScript framwork and packages easy. "node_modules" is the folder where the packages are installed.
102. What is the package.json file in Angular?
package.json file has all the JavaScript references needed for a project. So rather than installing one package at a time we can install all packages in one go.
103. What is typescript and why do we need it?
Typescript is a superset of Javascript and adds types to the language. It gives a nice Object-oriented programming environment which transpiles/converts to JavaScript.It is strongly typed so we will have less type errors.
104. What is schematics in Angular?
A schematic is a template-based code generator that supports complex logic. It is a set of instructions for transforming a software project by generating or modifying code. Schematics are packaged into collections and installed with npm.
105. Explain the importance of Components and Modules?
Components is where you write your binding code. Module logically groups components.
106. What is Decorator in Angular?
Decorator defines what kind of Angular class is it. For example, if you decorate "@Component" then it says the class is an Angular component, if you specify as "@NGModule" it becomes Angular module.
107. What is metadata/annotation in Angular.
This is nothing but Angular decorators such as @Component and @NgModule.
108. What is a template in Angular?
Template is an HTML view of Angular in which we can write directives. There are 2 ways of defining template, inline and separate HTML file.
109. Different types of data binding in Angular.
There are 4 types. expression/Interpolation binding {{}}, for example {{cust.customerName}} property binding [], [(ngModel)] = "cust.customerId" event binding (), for example, (click) = "toggle()" two way binding [()] , in this case, data from controller to view is passed and on event data move f...
110. What is SPA in Angular?
SPA stands for Single Page Application. Single Page Application are applications where the main UI gets loaded once and then the needed UI is loaded on demand.
111. How to detect when an @Input() value changes in Angular?
Actually, there are two ways of detecting and acting upon when an input changes in the child component in angular. Use the ngOnChanges() lifecycle method. Use input property setter. @Input () categoryId: string; ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) { this . doSomething(changes . categoryId . curre...
112. What are PWAs?
Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) are web apps that use service workers, manifests, and other web-platform features in combination with progressive enhancement to give users an experience on par with native apps. PWAs provide a number of advantages to users - including being installable, progressively ...
113. What is the Jasmine test framework?
Jasmine is a JavaScript testing framework that supports a software development practice called Behaviour-Driven Development, or BDD for short. Its a specific flavour of Test-Driven Development (TDD). Jasmine, and BDD in general, attempts to describe tests in a human-readable format so that non-t...
114. What is Setup and Teardown in Jasmine?
Sometimes in order to test a feature we need to perform some setup, perhaps it's creating some test objects. Also, we may need to perform some cleanup activities after we have finished testing, perhaps we need to delete some files from the hard drive. These activities are called setup and teardow...
115. What is Karma in Angular testing?
Karma is a task runner for our tests. It uses a configuration file in order to set the startup file, the reporters, the testing framework, the browser among other things.
116. What is the use of the Protractor framework in Angular?
Protractor is an end-to-end test framework for Angular and AngularJS applications. Protractor runs tests against your application running in a real browser, interacting with it as a user would.
117. Explain the purpose of SubSink in Angular.
SubSink help manage multiple subscriptions. SubSink is a simple class to absorb RxJS subscriptions in an array. Call unsubscribe() to unsubscribe all of them, as you would do in your component library's unmount / onDestroy lifecycle event. private subscriptions = new SubSink(); ngOnInit() { // Me...
118. What is NgRx?
NgRx is a framework for building reactive applications in Angular. NgRx provides libraries for: Managing global and local state. Isolation of side effects to promote a cleaner component architecture. Entity collection management. Integration with the Angular Router. Developer tooling that enhance...
119. Can we do two way binding without ngModel? If so, how?
120. What are HostListener and HostBinding?
@HostListener() function decorator allows you to handle the events of the host element in the directive class. @HostBinding() function decorator allows you to set the properties of the host element.
121. Why using ElementRef is not recommended?
Permitting direct access to the DOM can make your application vulnerable to XSS attacks. Direct access to native elements is not supported in the case of web workers.
122. What is Angular Unit Testing?
Angular Unit Testing is used to test individual components of the applications. It is performed by using Karma and Jasmine. Jasmine is used in writing the tests and Karma is used in running those tests. We can use Async and TestBed in testing Asynchronous Code, Components, Directives and Service ...
123. How does code coverage work in angular 7?
The CLI can run unit tests and create code coverage reports. Code coverage reports show you any parts of our code base that may not be properly tested by your unit tests. To generate a coverage report run the following command in the root of your project. ng test --code-coverage When the tests ar...
124. What is single component Angular modules (SCAM)?
SCAMs (single component Angular modules) are Angular modules that are scoped to a single declarable. For directives and pipes, they declare and export a single declarable.
