Hibernate / Hibernate interview questions
1. In a Parent-child relationship, how will you only access the columns from parent?
Lazy loading.
2. Different between session.get() and session.load() in Java.
load() get() Only use the load() method when the object exists in DB use get() if you are unsure about the existence of object. load() method throws an exception if the unique identifier could not be found. get() method returns null if the unique identifier not found in the database load() return...
3. @UniqueConstraint and @Column Unique attribute.
@UniqueConstraint and unique attribute of @Column instructs schema/DDL generation tool to generate the corresponding unique constraints however using that attributes on POJO doesn't implement constraints itself. @Entity @Table (uniqueConstraints = @UniqueConstraint (columnNames = { "email" , "emp...
4. Difference between save and persist.
Save() Returns generated Id after saving. The return type is serializable. Saves the value to DB immediately and keeps track of the entity until the end of the session(I have tried to change the entity values outside of the transaction, it does not show any effect when session commits) Does not s...
5. Difference between Hibernate createCriteria, createQuery, createSQLQuery.
There are 3 different ways we can create a SQL query in Hibernate. session.createQuery() session.createSQLQuery() session.createCriteria() Session.createQuery() creates Query object using the HQL syntax. For example: Query query = session.createQuery("from Student s where s.name like 'k%'"); Sess...
6. What is HQL (Hibernate Query Language)?
Hibernate Query Language is known as an object oriented query language. It is like structured query language (SQL). You don't need to learn SQL Database independent Simple to write query Hibernate offers a query language that embodies a very powerful and flexible mechanism to query, store, update...
7. Difference between @NotNull, @NotEmpty and @NotBlank.
@NotNull CharSequence, Collection, Map or Array object cannot be null, however can be empty. @NotEmpty The CharSequence, Collection, Map or Array object cannot be null and not empty (size > 0). @NotBlank The string is not null and the length is greater than zero. Here are the examples: String tes...
8. What are the most common methods of Hibernate configuration?
The most common methods of Hibernate configuration are: Programmatic configuration XML configuration (using hibernate.cfg.xml) Annotations
9. What is ORM ?
ORM stands for object/relational mapping. ORM is the automated persistence of objects in a Java application to the tables in a relational database.
10. What is hibernate?
Hibernate framework simplifies the development of java application to interact with the database. Hibernate is an open source, lightweight, ORM (Object Relational Mapping) tool.
11. What does ORM consists of ?
An ORM solution consists of the following four components: API for performing basic CRUD operations API to express queries refering to classes Facilities to specify metadata Optimization facilities : dirty checking,lazy associations fetching
12. @Repository
annotation that marks or clarifies the specific class as a Data Access Object.
13. @Embeddable
annotation specifies that the class will be used as a component. This class cannot have a primary key of its own, it uses the enclosing class primary key.
14. @Service
annotate service layer level classes.
15. @Controller
annotates presentation layer level classes.
16. Differentiate JPA and hibernate.
JPA is the specification for an ORM framework whereas hibernate is the implmentation.
17. What are the ORM levels ?
The ORM levels are, Pure relational (stored procedure.) Light objects mapping (JDBC) Medium object mapping Full object Mapping (composition,inheritance, polymorphism, persistence by reachability)
18. Why do you need ORM tools like hibernate?
Improved productivity High-level object-oriented API Less Java code to write No SQL to write Improved performance Sophisticated caching Lazy loading Eager loading Improved maintainability A lot less code to write Improved portability ORM framework generates database-specific SQL for you
19. core interfaces of Hibernate.
The core interfaces of Hibernate framework are: Configuration SessionFactory Session Query Criteria Transaction
20. Is SessionFactory a thread-safe object?
Yes, SessionFactory is a thread-safe object, many threads can access it simultaneously.
21. What role does the SessionFactory interface play in Hibernate?
The application obtains Session instances from a SessionFactory. There is typically a single SessionFactory for the whole application created during application initialization. The SessionFactory caches generate SQL statements and other mapping metadata that Hibernate uses at runtime. It also hol...
22. Is Hibernate Session a thread-safe object?
No, Session is not a thread-safe object, many threads can't access it simultaneously. In other words, you cannot share it between threads.
23. What are the different states of object in hibernate?
There are 3 states of object (instance) in hibernate. Transient : The object is in transient state if it is just created but has no primary key (identifier) and not associated with session. Persistent : The object is in persistent state if session is open, and you just saved the instance in the d...
24. How to make a immutable class in hibernate?
If you mark a class as mutable="false", class will be treated as an immutable class. By default, it is mutable="true".
25. Different types of association in hibernate.
There are four types of association mapping in hibernate. One to One One to Many Many to One Many to Many
26. Is it possible to perform collection mapping with One-to-One and Many-to-One?
No, collection mapping can only be performed with One-to-Many and Many-to-Many.
27. What is lazy loading in hibernate?
Lazy loading in hibernate improves the performance. It loads the child objects on demand. Since Hibernate 3, lazy loading is enabled by default, you don't need to do lazy="true". It means not to load the child objects when parent is loaded.
28. What is the difference between merge and update ?
Use update() if you are sure that the session does not contain an already persistent instance with the same identifier, and merge() if you want to merge your modifications at any time without consideration of the state of the session.
29. How do you define sequence generated primary key in hibernate?
Using
30. What are the Collection types in Hibernate ?
Bag Set List Array Map
31. What is Hibernate proxy?
The proxy attribute enables lazy initialization of persistent instances of the class. Hibernate will initially return CGLIB proxies which implement the named interface. The actual persistent object will be loaded when a method of the proxy is invoked.
32. What are Callback interfaces?
Callback interfaces allow the application to receive a notification when something interesting happens to an object, for example, when an object is loaded, saved, or deleted. Hibernate applications don't need to implement these callbacks, but they're useful for implementing certain kinds of gener...
33. What are the types of inheritance models in Hibernate?
There are three types of inheritance models in Hibernate: Table per class hierarchy Table per subclass Table per concrete class
34. Benefits of hibernate over JDBC?
Hibernate is database independent while in case of JDBC, developer has to write database specific queries. In case of Hibernate developer doesn't need to be an expert of writing complex queries as HQL simplifies query writing process while in case of JDBC, its job of developer to write and tune q...
35. Session Interface.
This is the primary interface used by hibernate applications. The instances of this interface are lightweight and are inexpensive to create and destroy. Hibernate sessions are not thread safe.
36. SessionFactory Interface.
This is a factory that delivers the session objects to hibernate application. Generally there will be a single SessionFactory for the whole application and it will be shared among all the application threads.
37. Configuration Interface.
This interface is used to configure and bootstrap hibernate. The instance of this interface is used by the application in order to specify the location of hibernate specific mapping documents.
38. Transaction Interface.
This is an optional interface but the above three interfaces are mandatory in each and every application. This interface abstracts the code from any kind of transaction implementations such as JDBC transaction, JTA transaction.
39. Query and Criteria Interface.
This interface allows the user to perform queries and also control the flow of the query execution.
40. What are Callback interfaces?
These interfaces are used in the application to receive a notification when some object events occur. Like when an object is loaded, saved or deleted. There is no need to implement callbacks in hibernate applications, but they're useful for implementing certain kinds of generic functionality.
41. What is POJO?
POJO stands for plain old java objects. These are just basic JavaBeans that have defined setter and getter methods for all the properties that are there in that bean. Besides they can also have some business logic related to that property.
42. Detached Criteria
The detached criteria allows you to create the query without Session. Then you can execute the search in an arbitrary session. Using a DetachedCriteria is exactly the same as a Criteria except you can do the initial creation and setup of your query without having access to the session. When it co...
43. Advantages of Detached criteria.
useful to make join conditions, subselects, and to query outside the current session. code reuse
44. Explain N+1 SELECT problem in Hibernate.
Hibernate ends up executing N+1 SQL queries to populate a collection of N elements referred as N+1 SELECT problem that occurs due to N+1 lazy loading and load on demand fetching strategy. Let's say you have a collection of company objects (database rows), and each company has a collection of empl...
45. List the strategies to eliminate the N+1 SELECT problem in Hibernate.
Here are some of the strategies to solve the N+1 problem. pre-fetching in batches, this will reduce N+1 problem to N/K + 1 problem where K is size of batch. subselect fetching strategy. and disable lazy loading.
46. Explain high level architecture of Hibernate framework.
The important components in Hibernate architecture are, SessionFactory, Session, Persistent objects, and Transaction. org.hibernate. SessionFactory : Refers to the cache of compiled mappings (hbm?s or annotation based) for a single database. org.hibernate. Session : Represents a conversation betw...
47. How do we see hibernate generated SQL on console?
Setting the property show_sql to true at the hibernate configuration file enable viewing SQL on the console for debugging purposes.
48. Hibernate: Can a Entity Class be declared final?
Yes , a Hibernate Entity class can be declared final, however it is not a good practice. Hibernate uses the proxy pattern for performance improvement during lazy association, by making an entity final, Hibernate will no longer be able to use a proxy as Java doesn't allow the final class to be ext...
49. How to call stored procedure in Hibernate?
In Hibernate, there are 3 approaches to call a database store procedure. Use createSQLQuery() to call a store procedure directly. Use @NamedNativeQueries annotation. Declare your store procedure inside the sql-query tag.
50. Explain transaction management in hibernate.
In hibernate framework, we have Transaction interface that defines the unit of work. It maintains abstraction from the transaction implementation (JTA,JDBC). A transaction is associated with Session and instantiated by calling session.beginTransaction (). The transaction interfaces defines the be...
51. Difference between fetch mode and fetch type in Hibernate.
FetchType (Lazy/Eager) instructs whether the entity to be loaded eagerly or lazy, when there is a call. FetchMode (Select/Join) instructs whether the entitity to be loaded with additional select or in one query with join or subselect.
52. What is the default fetch mode in Hibernate?
If the Hibernate annotation @Fetch is not present on a field, then the default FetchMode for this field is decided based on the FetchType. If the field has FetchType = EAGER, then FetchMode = JOIN. Otherwise, FetchMode = SELECT.
53. What is the difference between FetchType.LAZY and FetchType.EAGER in Java Persistence API?
The EAGER strategy is a requirement on the persistence provider runtime that data must be eagerly fetched. The LAZY strategy is a hint to the persistence provider runtime that data should be fetched lazily when it is first accessed.
54. Difference between using a @OneToMany and @ElementCollection annotation in Hibernate.
@ElementCollection maps non-entities (embeddable or basic) while @OneToMany is used to map entities.
55. Explain the features introduced in Hibernate 5.
Support of Java 8 in Hibernate 5 is one of the major changes and it supports Java 8 Date and Time API. Hibernate 5 supports full-text search through Lucene 5. Hibernate 5 through OGM provides the support for persistence to the NoSQL Databases such as MongoDB, REDIS. @NamedQuery and other Hibernat...
56. Which throws Exception when no row found: session.load vs session.get.
session.load() will throw an ObjectNotFoundException when no row found while session.get returns null.
57. Difference between criteria and HQL In hibernate.
Criteria. HQL query Criteria query performs only SELECT operations. HQL query performs both SELECT and NON-SELECT operations. HQL can be used to perform SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Criteria supports pagination. HQL doesn't support pagination. Criteria query is safe from SQL injection because ...
