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DataStructures / Cyber Security Interview Questions

Explain the lifecycle of a Digital Certificate in PKI?
flowchart LR A[Key Pair Generation] --> B[CSR Submission] B --> C[Validation by CA] C --> D[Certificate Issuance] D --> E[Deployment] E --> F[Renewal or Revocation]
  1. Key generation: the entity generates a public/private key pair
  2. Certificate Signing Request (CSR): the entity submits its public key and identity details to a Certificate Authority
  3. Validation: the CA, sometimes via a Registration Authority, verifies the requester actually controls the domain or identity claimed
  4. Issuance: the CA signs the certificate, binding the public key to the verified identity
  5. Deployment: the certificate is installed on the server and presented during TLS handshakes
  6. Renewal or revocation: the certificate is renewed before expiry, or revoked early if the private key is compromised, and added to a Certificate Revocation List or checked via OCSP

Clients validate a certificate by checking the CA's signature, confirming it hasn't expired, and checking that it hasn't been revoked, before trusting the public key it contains.

What is submitted to a Certificate Authority to request a certificate?
What happens if a certificate's private key is compromised?

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