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DataStructures / Cyber Security Interview Questions

What is a Virtual Private Network (VPN)?

A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between a user's device and a remote server, so traffic traveling across an untrusted network, like public Wi-Fi or the internet, can't be read or tampered with by anyone in between.

The tunnel is established using protocols such as IPSec, OpenVPN, or WireGuard, which handle key exchange and encrypt every packet before it leaves the device.

  • Hides the user's real IP address from destination servers
  • Protects data on untrusted networks such as public Wi-Fi
  • Lets remote employees securely reach internal company resources

Organizations commonly deploy site-to-site VPNs to link offices together and remote-access VPNs so individual employees can connect to internal systems from home.

What is the main security benefit of a VPN?
Which VPN type connects two office locations together?

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What is a Firewall? What is CyberSecurity? What are the types of Firewalls? Different Types of Cybersecurity. What is Cryptography? What is Network Security? Explain Information Security. What is Malware? What are the common types of Malware? What is Endpoint Security? What are examples of endpoints in Endpoint security? What is Phishing? What is Ransomware? What are the three main types of endpoint security? What is a Virtual Private Network (VPN)? What are the 5 C's of Cyber Security? What is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)? What is a Digital Signature? What is Hashing in Cyber Security? What is a Zero-Day Vulnerability? What is Social Engineering? Define Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack? What is the purpose of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS)? What is a Honeypot? Describe the CIA Triad in Cyber Security? What is Two-Factor Authentication? What are the types of Access Control models? What is a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system? List common types of Cyber Attacks? What is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)? What is a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack? What is SQL Injection? What is Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)? What is the difference between IDS and IPS? What is the difference between Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption? How does SSL/TLS secure communication over the network? Why is the Principle of Least Privilege important? What is the difference between Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing? How does a Firewall differ from a Proxy Server? What is the difference between Authentication and Authorization? When should you use a Web Application Firewall (WAF)? What is the difference between DAC, MAC, and RBAC? Why do we use Salting in password hashing? What happens when a Buffer Overflow attack occurs? How does a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack differ from a DoS Attack? What is the difference between a Vulnerability, a Threat, and a Risk? How does Zero Trust Architecture change traditional network security? Why should you rotate encryption keys periodically? Explain the lifecycle of an Incident Response process? Explain the internal working of the TLS Handshake? Explain the execution flow of a SQL Injection attack? How can you optimize a SIEM system to reduce alert fatigue? How do you troubleshoot a suspected data breach in its early stages? Which is better and why: Signature-based or Behavior-based Malware Detection? Explain the lifecycle of a Digital Certificate in PKI? Explain the internal working of Kerberos Authentication?
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