Testing / Selenium Interview questions

What are assertions in Selenium?

Selenium itself has no built-in assertion library - it only provides ways to read state from the page (getText(), isDisplayed(), getAttribute()), so assertions come from whatever test framework Selenium is paired with, like JUnit, TestNG, or AssertJ.

Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Dashboard");
Assert.assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.id("banner")).isDisplayed());

TestNG additionally distinguishes hard assertions, which stop the test immediately on failure, from SoftAssert, which records failures but lets the test method continue, requiring an explicit assertAll() call at the end to actually surface any recorded failures.

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Where do assertion methods in a Selenium test typically come from? Selenium's own built-in assertion library

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The paired test framework, like TestNG or JUnit

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The By class

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TestNG's SoftAssert requires which call to surface recorded failures? assertAll()

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finish()

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No call is needed

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