Testing / Selenium Interview questions

How do you use the By class in Selenium?

By is a static factory class whose methods each build a locator strategy that findElement() or findElements() can then use to search the DOM.

WebElement login = driver.findElement(By.id("login-btn"));
List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("table tr"));
WebElement link = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Sign up"));

Selenium 4 added relative locators built on top of By, letting you find elements positioned near another element - By.id("password") combined with RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(usernameField), for example - which is useful when an element has no stable id or text of its own but sits in a predictable visual position relative to one that does.

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By is used to: Directly click elements without finding them

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Build a locator strategy passed to findElement/findElements

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Configure browser driver downloads

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Selenium 4's relative locators let you find an element by: Its position relative to another known element

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Its screenshot appearance

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