Mention important techniques that are used when sending data securely between source and destination over networks.

Message Certification: Mesage data is certified that it has not been modified since it was created by the source.

Message Encryption: Parts of a message/entire message may be encrypted during transmission. It is a good choice when data must be protected past the TLS termination point.

Tunnel Encryption: Unlike message protection, the entire data tunnel is protected. This includes all data and metadata sent between source and destination. Regardless of the encryption technique, some parts of the IP packet, like the source and destination addresses always remain unencrypted. All untrusted intermediaries will have access to some minimal unencrypted metadata like source/destination IP addresses. Without proper IP packet header information, TCP/IP packets cannot be routed properly, and communication over the internet is not possible.

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