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Java / Quarkus Interview questions

What is Quarkus?

Quarkus is an open-source Java framework built specifically for running well in containers and on Kubernetes, with a design goal of very fast startup time and low memory usage compared to traditional Java EE or Spring-style stacks.

It was created by Red Hat and combines familiar Java standards — CDI, JAX-RS, JPA — with a build-time processing model that does most of the heavy lifting (dependency injection wiring, reflection setup, configuration) before the application ever starts, rather than at runtime.

It also compiles cleanly to a native executable via GraalVM, which is what gives it startup times measured in milliseconds instead of seconds, making it a popular choice for serverless functions and microservices where fast cold starts and small footprint matter.

Who created the Quarkus framework?
What deployment environment is Quarkus specifically optimized for?

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What is Quarkus? What is the purpose of Quarkus? What are the key features of Quarkus? What is GraalVM in the context of Quarkus? What is Supersonic Subatomic Java? What are the two runtime modes of Quarkus? What is a native executable in Quarkus? What is Quarkus Dev Mode? What are Quarkus extensions? How do you create a new Quarkus project? What is the Mutiny library used for in Quarkus? What is Panache in Quarkus? What are the types of Panache entity patterns available? What is CDI in Quarkus? What is the purpose of the @ApplicationScoped annotation? What is RESTEasy Reactive in Quarkus? Define Quarkus configuration profiles? What is application.properties used for in Quarkus? List the build tools supported by Quarkus? What is a Quarkus BuildItem? What is the difference between Quarkus and Spring Boot? Why does Quarkus have faster startup time than traditional Java frameworks? How does Quarkus achieve low memory footprint? Explain the build-time vs runtime processing model in Quarkus? What is the difference between JVM mode and native mode in Quarkus? How does Quarkus support GraalVM native image compilation? Explain the lifecycle of a Quarkus application build? What happens when you run "quarkus dev"? How do you configure a Quarkus application for different environments using profiles? What is the difference between @Inject and @ConfigProperty in Quarkus? How does dependency injection work in Quarkus vs traditional CDI containers? Explain the internal working of Quarkus extensions? What is the difference between imperative and reactive programming in Quarkus? How does Quarkus handle reactive messaging with Kafka? When should you use Quarkus over a traditional Spring application? What is the difference between Panache Active Record and Repository pattern? How do you write integration tests in Quarkus using @QuarkusTest? Explain the execution flow of a REST request in Quarkus using RESTEasy Reactive? How does Quarkus support GraalVM substitutions for native compilation issues? What is the difference between Quarkus and Micronaut? How do you troubleshoot a native image build failure in Quarkus? Explain the lifecycle of application startup in native mode vs JVM mode? How does Quarkus achieve ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation benefits? What is the role of the Quarkus Arc container? How do you secure a Quarkus application with OIDC? Explain the internal working of Quarkus's build-time class initialization? How does Quarkus support Kubernetes-native deployments? What is the difference between Quarkus's Vert.x-based reactive engine and traditional servlet-based engines? How do you optimize Quarkus native image build times? Explain the execution flow of a reactive messaging pipeline using SmallRye Reactive Messaging in Quarkus?
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