Java / JVM Architecture (Java21) Interview questions
What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the runtime engine that loads compiled .class files, verifies their bytecode, and executes it on the underlying operating system and hardware.
It sits between compiled bytecode and the native machine, which is exactly what gives Java its "write once, run anywhere" behavior - the same class file runs unchanged on Windows, Linux, or macOS as long as a matching JVM is installed.
Beyond execution, the JVM manages memory allocation, garbage collection, thread scheduling, and bytecode verification, so a running application never has to talk to the operating system directly for these concerns.
The JVM's "write once, run anywhere" behavior comes from:
Which of these is handled by the JVM itself, not application code?
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