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Golang / Golang Internals and Memory Management Interview Questions

How does struct embedding work in Go and how does it differ from inheritance?

Go has no class hierarchy or classical inheritance. Instead it supports composition via embedding: embedding a type inside a struct promotes the embedded type's methods and fields to the outer struct. This provides code reuse and satisfies interfaces without the coupling of inheritance.

type Logger struct{ prefix string }
func (l Logger) Log(msg string) { fmt.Println(l.prefix+":", msg) }

type Server struct {
    Logger              // embedded — methods promoted
    addr   string
}

s := Server{Logger: Logger{"SERVER"}, addr: ":8080"}
s.Log("starting")  // promoted — same as s.Logger.Log("starting")
s.prefix = "SRV"   // promoted field access

// Embedding satisfies interfaces
type Loggable interface { Log(string) }
var l Loggable = s // Server satisfies Loggable via embedded Logger

// Method overriding — outer type can shadow embedded method
func (s Server) Log(msg string) {
    fmt.Printf("[%s] %s\n", s.addr, msg) // custom implementation
    // s.Logger.Log(msg) // explicitly call embedded if needed
}

// Interface embedding — compose interface contracts
type ReadWriter interface {
    io.Reader // embedded interface
    io.Writer
}

// Embedding vs named field
type WithName struct {
    myLogger Logger  // named field — NOT promoted, access as s.myLogger.Log()
}
type WithEmbed struct {
    Logger           // embedded — methods promoted to outer type
}

The key difference from inheritance: embedding is purely mechanical code promotion. The embedded type does not know about the outer type and there is no polymorphism between them unless they share an interface. You can embed multiple types (mixins), and method sets are resolved deterministically — if the outer type defines a method with the same name, it shadows the embedded one.

What does embedding a type inside a struct do in Go?
If both an outer struct and its embedded type define a method with the same name, which one is called when you call it on the outer struct?

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GoLang Interfaces and Object Oriented Interview Questions

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