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Integration / Apache Camel Interview Questions

What are the error handling strategies in Camel (DefaultErrorHandler, DeadLetterChannel, TransactionErrorHandler)?

Camel provides three built-in error handler implementations, configurable per-route via errorHandler(...):

Camel Error Handler Comparison
HandlerRetriesUse case
DefaultErrorHandlerConfigurable (default 0)Non-transactional routes that log failures.
DeadLetterChannelConfigurable (default 0)Routes needing guaranteed delivery to a DLQ after retries exhausted.
TransactionErrorHandlerDriven by transaction managerJMS/JDBC transactional routes requiring rollback on failure.
NoErrorHandlerNoneTesting or scenarios where all error handling is done manually.
// Default (no-DLQ): log on failure
errorHandler(defaultErrorHandler()
    .maximumRedeliveries(2)
    .redeliveryDelay(500));

// Dead Letter Channel
errorHandler(deadLetterChannel("jms:queue:DLQ")
    .maximumRedeliveries(3)
    .backOffMultiplier(2.0)
    .useOriginalMessage());

// Transactional error handler
errorHandler(transactionErrorHandler(transactionManager)
    .maximumRedeliveries(3)
    .redeliveryDelay(1000));

Error handlers can be scoped globally (in the parent RouteBuilder configure() or in a shared class) or per-route (placed at the start of a specific configure() method). Global scope applies to all routes defined in that builder. For per-exception handling, use onException() on top of any error handler to add targeted retry/routing logic for specific exception types.

Which Camel error handler should you use when the route must guarantee message delivery to a DLQ after all retries are exhausted?
Which error handler is required for transactional JMS/JDBC routes that must roll back on failure?

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What is Apache Camel and what integration problems does it solve? What are the Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIPs) and how does Camel implement them? What is the Camel architecture — CamelContext, Routes, Endpoints, Components, and Processors? What is a Route in Apache Camel and how do you define one using the Java DSL? What is a CamelContext and what is its lifecycle (start, stop, suspend, resume)? What is an Endpoint in Camel and how does the URI format work (scheme:path?options)? What is the Exchange in Camel — in-message, out-message, headers, and properties? What is the Message in Camel (body, headers, attachments) and the difference between In and Out messages? What is a Processor in Camel and how do you implement a custom Processor? How does the Content-Based Router EIP work in Camel (choice/when/otherwise)? How does the Message Filter EIP work in Camel? How does the Splitter EIP work and when would you use it? How does the Aggregator EIP work and what is a completion condition? How does the Recipient List EIP work in Camel? How does the Wire Tap EIP work and what is it used for? How does the Dead Letter Channel work and how do you configure error handling in Camel? What is the Multicast EIP and how does it differ from Recipient List? What is the Pipeline in Camel and how does it relate to a route? How does the Enrich EIP (Content Enricher) work in Camel (enrich vs pollEnrich)? How does the Throttler EIP work in Camel? How does the Idempotent Consumer EIP work and what idempotent repositories does Camel support? What is the Saga EIP in Camel and when would you use it for distributed transaction management? What are Camel Components and how do you use the Timer, File, HTTP, and JMS components? How does the Camel File component work for polling and processing files? How do you integrate Apache Camel with Apache Kafka? How do you use the Camel REST DSL to expose and consume REST services? How does the Camel JMS/ActiveMQ component work? How does the Camel Bean component work — binding method calls into a route? How does Camel integrate with databases using the SQL and JDBC components? What is Camel Quarkus and how does it enable cloud-native Camel applications? What is Camel Spring Boot and how do you configure routes as Spring beans? What data transformation options does Camel provide (Type Converters, Data Formats, Transformers)? How does the Camel Type Converter work and how do you register a custom type converter? How do you use Data Formats in Camel (JSON, XML, CSV, Avro, Protobuf)? How does the XSLT component work for XML transformation in Camel? How do you use the Camel Expression Language (Simple, SpEL, JSONPath, XPath)? What are the error handling strategies in Camel (DefaultErrorHandler, DeadLetterChannel, TransactionErrorHandler)? How does onException work in Camel and how do you configure retry, redelivery, and backoff? How do you implement transactions in Apache Camel? How do you test Camel routes using camel-test and the MockEndpoint? What is the Camel Test Kit (CamelTestSupport) and how do you write unit tests for routes? How do you monitor Apache Camel using JMX, Camel Management, and Micrometer? What is Camel K and how does it enable serverless/Kubernetes-native integration? How does Camel compare to Spring Integration for enterprise integration? What are common Apache Camel anti-patterns and performance pitfalls to avoid?
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