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Java / Micronaut Interview questions

What is the difference between Micronaut and Spring Boot?
MicronautSpring Boot
Dependency injection resolved at compile time via annotation processing.Dependency injection resolved at runtime via classpath scanning and reflection.
AOP implemented with compile-time generated proxy classes.AOP implemented with runtime CGLIB/JDK dynamic proxies.
Very fast startup and low memory footprint by default.Slower startup and higher baseline memory use, though improving in recent versions.
GraalVM native image support built in from the start.Native image support added later via Spring AOT processing.
Smaller ecosystem and community than Spring.Vast ecosystem, documentation, and third-party integrations.

Both are solid choices for building JVM services. Micronaut tends to win when startup latency, memory, and native compilation are priorities, such as serverless functions or high-density container deployments, while Spring Boot's maturity and ecosystem often make it the safer default for large, long-running enterprise systems.

A structural difference between the two frameworks is that Micronaut:
Spring added meaningful native-image support:

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What is Micronaut? What are the key features of Micronaut? What is dependency injection in Micronaut? What are Micronaut beans? What is the purpose of the @Singleton annotation in Micronaut? What are the types of bean scopes in Micronaut? How do you create a Micronaut application? What is Micronaut Launch? What is ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation in Micronaut? What are Micronaut controllers? How do you define a REST endpoint in Micronaut? What is the purpose of the @Inject annotation in Micronaut? What are Micronaut configuration properties? Describe how application.yml is used in Micronaut? What is the Micronaut HTTP Client? Why is Micronaut faster at startup than traditional Spring Boot applications? Why does Micronaut avoid using reflection? How does Micronaut achieve compile-time dependency injection? What is the difference between Micronaut and Spring Boot? What is the difference between @Singleton and @Prototype scope in Micronaut? When should you use @Factory in Micronaut? How does Micronaut Data work? What is the difference between Micronaut Data JDBC and Micronaut Data JPA? How do you implement bean validation in Micronaut? How does Micronaut implement AOP (aspect-oriented programming)? How does Micronaut support reactive programming? What is the difference between a Micronaut declarative HTTP client and the low-level HttpClient? How do you implement client-side load balancing in Micronaut? What is Micronaut's service discovery mechanism? How do you implement retries and circuit breakers in Micronaut? What is the difference between @Client and @Controller in Micronaut? How do you handle exceptions globally in a Micronaut application? What is the purpose of Micronaut's BeanContext and ApplicationContext? How does Micronaut support GraalVM native image compilation? When would you choose Micronaut over Spring Boot for a new project? Explain the internal working of Micronaut's compile-time dependency injection? Explain the lifecycle of a Micronaut bean? Explain the execution flow of an HTTP request in Micronaut? How can you optimize Micronaut application startup time further? How do you troubleshoot slow or failing GraalVM native image builds in Micronaut? What is the difference between Micronaut's bean introspection and Java reflection? Explain the internal working of Micronaut's AOP proxy generation? Explain the internal working of Micronaut Data repository method generation? How do you implement distributed tracing across Micronaut microservices? How do you secure a Micronaut application with JWT authentication? How does Micronaut resolve configuration properties across multiple environments? Explain the internal working of Micronaut's event publishing system? How do you troubleshoot excessive memory usage in a Micronaut native image at runtime? How do you troubleshoot a Micronaut bean that fails to inject due to ambiguous qualifiers? Explain how Micronaut's compile-time architecture influences microservice design decisions in real projects?
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