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AI / LLM Basics Interview Questions

What is Tokenization?

Tokenization is the process of converting raw text into the sequence of tokens a model can actually process, since a neural network can't work with plain text directly.

  • A tokenizer breaks input text apart based on a fixed vocabulary it was built with
  • The same tokenizer is used both to prepare input for the model and to decode the model's output tokens back into readable text
  • Different models often use different tokenizers, so a "1,000 token" limit can represent slightly different amounts of actual text between models

Tokenization happens before any of the model's actual reasoning, it's the translation step between human-readable text and the numeric representation the model works with internally.

What does a tokenizer convert text into?
Do all models necessarily use the exact same tokenizer?

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What is a Large Language Model (LLM)? What are Tokens in an LLM? What is Tokenization? What is Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)? What is the Vocabulary of an LLM? What is an Embedding in the context of LLMs? Define the Transformer architecture? What is the Attention Mechanism? What is Self-Attention? What is Multi-Head Attention? What is Positional Encoding? What is the purpose of the Feed-Forward Network inside a Transformer block? What is Layer Normalization? What is Causal Masking? Describe the role of Softmax in an LLM's output layer? What is Cross-Entropy Loss? What is the purpose of a Loss Function during LLM training? What is Pretraining in the context of LLMs? What is Fine-Tuning? What is Instruction Tuning? Describe Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)? What is Alignment in the context of LLMs? Define In-Context Learning? Define Zero-Shot Learning? Define Few-Shot Learning? What is Chain-of-Thought Prompting? What is Prompt Engineering? What is the purpose of a System Prompt? What is a Context Window? What is the Max Tokens parameter? What are Stop Sequences? What is Temperature in LLM sampling? What are Top-k and Top-p Sampling? What is Hallucination in LLMs? What is Perplexity in language modeling? What is Overfitting in the context of training an LLM? What are Parameters in an LLM? What is Quantization? What is Model Distillation? What is a Foundation Model? What is a Decoder-Only model? What is an Encoder-Only model? What is an Encoder-Decoder model? What is a Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture? What is Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)? How are Embeddings used beyond text generation? What are Guardrails in LLM applications? What is Prompt Injection?
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