How can you optimize query performance in Spanner?

Most Spanner performance problems trace back to either schema design or query shape, so optimization usually targets both.

• Design keys to avoid hotspots - a hot split caps throughput regardless of query tuning.
• Add targeted secondary indexes with STORING columns so common queries avoid a base-table lookup.
• Use interleaving for parent-child access patterns to cut cross-split reads.
• Check query plans via EXPLAIN in the console to catch full table scans hiding behind a missing index.
• Prefer parameterized queries so Spanner can reuse cached query plans instead of re-optimizing each call.
• Batch reads using Read or index range reads instead of issuing many single-row point queries in a loop.

Query tuning without fixing an underlying hot key rarely helps much, so it's worth confirming split-level metrics in Cloud Monitoring before assuming the query itself is the bottleneck.

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