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Erlang / Erlang Basics Interview questions

What is ETS?

ETS (Erlang Term Storage) is an in-memory table built into the BEAM for storing large amounts of data that any process can read or write directly, bypassing normal message passing. It's how Erlang handles shared state that would be awkward to keep inside a single process's mailbox loop.

Tab = ets:new(my_table, [set, public]),
ets:insert(Tab, {key1, "value1"}),
ets:lookup(Tab, key1).   %% -> [{key1, "value1"}]

Tables come in four flavors — set, ordered_set, bag, and duplicate_bag — controlling whether keys are unique and whether entries are ordered. Access is close to O(1) for set/bag tables since they're hash-based, which makes ETS a common choice for caches and lookup tables shared across many processes.

What is the main purpose of an ETS table?
Which ETS table type enforces unique keys with no ordering guarantee?

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What is Erlang? What is the BEAM virtual machine? What are processes in Erlang? What is the actor model in Erlang? What are atoms in Erlang? What are tuples in Erlang? What are lists in Erlang? What is pattern matching in Erlang? Define immutability in Erlang? What is a PID? What is a module in Erlang? What are guards used for in Erlang? What is OTP? What is a gen_server? What is a supervisor? Describe the "let it crash" philosophy? What are records in Erlang? What is message passing? What is hot code loading? What are binaries/bitstrings in Erlang? What is ETS? What is Mnesia? What are list comprehensions? What is a behavior in Erlang? What are ports in Erlang? What is a NIF (Native Implemented Function)? How do you spawn a process in Erlang? How does Erlang achieve concurrency without shared memory? What is the difference between spawn and spawn_link? What is the difference between a list and a tuple? Why is Erlang considered fault-tolerant? How does pattern matching differ from equality comparison? When should you use ETS instead of process state? How do you handle errors in Erlang without try/catch? Why doesn't Erlang have mutable variables? What is the difference between gen_server and gen_statem? How do you implement a simple supervision tree? What happens when a linked process crashes? When would you choose Mnesia over ETS? How do you use the observer tool to inspect a running system? Explain the execution flow of a gen_server call? Explain the internal working of the BEAM scheduler? How can you optimize message passing between heavy processes? Explain the lifecycle of a supervised process? How do you troubleshoot process mailbox overflow? What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous message passing in OTP? Which is better for state management, ETS or process dictionaries, and why? How does distributed Erlang handle node failures?
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