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Maven / GitOps Interview Questions

What are the two GitOps deployment models: push-based vs pull-based?

Push-based deployment: a CI/CD pipeline (GitHub Actions, Jenkins, etc.) runs kubectl apply or helm upgrade directly against the target cluster after a build succeeds. The pipeline authenticates to the cluster using a kubeconfig or service-account token stored in the CI system's secret vault. Changes only reach the cluster when a pipeline is triggered; drift is not detected between runs.

Pull-based deployment: a GitOps operator running inside the cluster watches one or more Git repositories on a polling interval or via webhook. When it detects a difference between what Git declares and what the cluster is running, it applies the delta automatically. Cluster credentials never leave the cluster boundary.

Push-based vs Pull-based GitOps
PropertyPush-basedPull-based (true GitOps)
Who applies changesCI/CD pipelineIn-cluster operator
Credential exposurekubeconfig in CI secretsCredentials stay in cluster
Drift correctionNo automatic correctionContinuous reconciliation
ExamplesGitHub Actions + kubectl, Jenkins pipelineArgo CD, Flux CD

A pull-based Argo CD Application looks like this — the operator handles all cluster writes:

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  project: default
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/org/gitops-config.git
    targetRevision: main
    path: apps/my-app/overlays/prod
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: production
  syncPolicy:
    automated:
      prune: true
      selfHeal: true
In a pull-based GitOps model, which component is responsible for applying changes to the cluster?
What security advantage does pull-based deployment offer over push-based pipelines?

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More Related questions...

What is GitOps and what core principles does it define? How does GitOps differ from traditional CI/CD pipelines? What is the 'single source of truth' principle in GitOps? What are the two GitOps deployment models: push-based vs pull-based? What is a GitOps operator and what role does it play? What is declarative infrastructure and why does GitOps require it? How does GitOps improve security and auditability compared to script-based deployments? What Git branching strategies are commonly used with GitOps? What is drift detection and how does a GitOps operator handle drift? What is the difference between GitOps and Infrastructure as Code (IaC)? What is Argo CD and how does it implement GitOps? How does Argo CD's sync process work — desired state vs live state? What are Argo CD Applications and ApplicationSets? How do you structure a GitOps repository — app-of-apps, environment folders, overlays? What is Flux CD and how does it differ from Argo CD? How does Flux's source-controller and kustomize-controller work together? How do you manage secrets in a GitOps workflow — Sealed Secrets, SOPS, External Secrets Operator? How do you handle multiple environments (dev/staging/prod) in a GitOps repo? How does image automation work in Flux for continuous delivery? What are Argo CD sync policies — automated vs manual — and sync waves? How do you roll back a deployment using GitOps? How do you integrate GitOps with a CI pipeline — separation of concerns? What is progressive delivery and how does it relate to GitOps — Argo Rollouts, Flagger? How do you handle Helm charts in a GitOps workflow? How do you use Kustomize overlays in a GitOps repository? How do you implement multi-cluster GitOps at scale? How does Argo CD handle RBAC and multi-tenancy? What are the Argo CD app-of-apps and ApplicationSet patterns and when do you use each? How do you implement GitOps for infrastructure provisioning with Crossplane and Cluster API? How do you observe and alert on GitOps sync failures in production? How do you manage database schema migrations in a GitOps workflow? How do you implement policy enforcement in a GitOps pipeline — OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno? What are the limitations and anti-patterns of GitOps? How do you migrate an existing deployment pipeline to GitOps? How does GitOps fit into a platform engineering strategy?
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