> $GITHUB_OUTPUT - name: Use version run: echo "Building version ${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }}" - name: Tag Docker image run: | docker build -t myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }} . docker push myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }} The id: field on the producing step is mandatory — without it, later steps have no handle to reference its outputs. The echo "key=value" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT syntax appends to the output file; you can write multiple outputs from the same step by appending multiple lines. Important: The older ::set-output command (written directly to stdout) was deprecated in 2022 and disabled in 2023 due to injection vulnerabilities. Always use $GITHUB_OUTPUT. For multi-line values, use the heredoc syntax: run: | echo "NOTES<> $GITHUB_OUTPUT cat CHANGELOG.md >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT echo "EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT"> > $GITHUB_OUTPUT - name: Use version run: echo "Building version ${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }}" - name: Tag Docker image run: | docker build -t myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }} . docker push myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }} The id: field on the producing step is mandatory — without it, later steps have no handle to reference its outputs. The echo "key=value" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT syntax appends to the output file; you can write multiple outputs from the same step by appending multiple lines. Important: The older ::set-output command (written directly to stdout) was deprecated in 2022 and disabled in 2023 due to injection vulnerabilities. Always use $GITHUB_OUTPUT. For multi-line values, use the heredoc syntax: run: | echo "NOTES<> $GITHUB_OUTPUT cat CHANGELOG.md >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT echo "EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT" />

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Maven / GitHub Actions Interview Questions

How do you share data between steps within a job using step outputs?

Steps within the same job communicate by writing key-value pairs to the special file at the path stored in $GITHUB_OUTPUT. Any subsequent step in the same job can then read that value via ${{ steps.<step-id>.outputs.<name> }}.

jobs:
  pipeline:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Generate version
        id: versioning           # id is required to reference outputs
        run: |
          VERSION="1.4.${{ github.run_number }}"
          echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

      - name: Use version
        run: echo "Building version ${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }}"

      - name: Tag Docker image
        run: |
          docker build -t myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }} .
          docker push myapp:${{ steps.versioning.outputs.version }}

The id: field on the producing step is mandatory — without it, later steps have no handle to reference its outputs. The echo "key=value" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT syntax appends to the output file; you can write multiple outputs from the same step by appending multiple lines.

Important: The older ::set-output command (written directly to stdout) was deprecated in 2022 and disabled in 2023 due to injection vulnerabilities. Always use $GITHUB_OUTPUT.

For multi-line values, use the heredoc syntax:

run: |
  echo "NOTES<> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
  cat CHANGELOG.md >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
  echo "EOF" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
What environment file do you write to in order to set a step output in modern GitHub Actions?
Which step property is required in order for a later step to reference the first step's outputs?

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