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Database / CouchDB Interview Questions

What is CouchDB Cluster mode (CouchDB 2.x+) and how does it differ from single-node CouchDB 1.x?

CouchDB 2.0 (released 2016) absorbed the BigCouch clustering code from Cloudant and made clustered operation the default architecture. CouchDB 3.x continues this model. A CouchDB cluster consists of multiple Erlang nodes that cooperate via a distributed hash ring (using consistent hashing) to shard and replicate data automatically.

CouchDB 1.x Single Node vs 2.x/3.x Cluster
AspectCouchDB 1.x (single node)CouchDB 2.x/3.x (cluster)
Horizontal scalabilityNone — single process, single machineAdd nodes; data shards distributed automatically
Fault toleranceSingle point of failureConfigurable replica count (n) per database
Shard distributionNo sharding — one database fileConfigurable Q shards per database, each with n copies
Quorum reads/writesN/AConfigurable r (read quorum) and w (write quorum)
Admin interfaceFutonFauxton (modern React UI)
Single-node deploymentDefault modeSupported via single_node config option in 3.x
Database creationPUT /dbPUT /db?q=8&n=3 (control shards and replicas)

In a cluster, each database is split into Q shards (default 8). Each shard has n copies (default 3) stored on different nodes. When a node is added to the cluster, CouchDB uses the _cluster_setup API to join it to the ring and the rebalancing happens via standard replication. There is no external ZooKeeper or etcd dependency — cluster membership and topology are stored in the _dbs and _nodes internal databases.

What was the source of the CouchDB clustering code introduced in CouchDB 2.0?
In a CouchDB 3.x cluster, where is cluster topology (node membership and shard placement) stored?

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