What is key-based pagination in Hibernate 7 and how does it differ from offset pagination?

// OFFSET PAGINATION (gets slower at depth):
List<Product> page1000 = session
    .createQuery("FROM Product ORDER BY id ASC", Product.class)
    .setFirstResult(19_980)  // DB must scan and skip 19,980 rows!
    .setMaxResults(20)
    .getResultList();

// HIBERNATE 7: Key-based pagination (O(1) at any depth)
import org.hibernate.query.KeyedPage;
import org.hibernate.query.KeyedResultList;

// First page:
KeyedResultList<Product> page = session
    .createQuery("FROM Product", Product.class)
    .getKeyedResultList(
        KeyedPage.firstPage(20, Order.asc(Product_.id))
    );
List<Product> products = page.getResultList();

// Next page (use key from previous result):
if (page.getNextPage() != null) {
    KeyedResultList<Product> next = session
        .createQuery("FROM Product", Product.class)
        .getKeyedResultList(page.getNextPage());
}
// Generated SQL: WHERE id > :lastId ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 20