How do retrievers work in LangChain?

A Retriever in LangChain is a Runnable that takes a string query and returns a list of Document objects. It is the standard abstraction that decouples the RAG chain from the specific search mechanism — you can swap a vector store retriever for a keyword search retriever or a hybrid retriever without changing the chain.

Types of retrievers available in LangChain:

• VectorStoreRetriever — most common; wraps a vector store and performs similarity (or MMR) search. Created via vectorstore.as_retriever()
• MultiQueryRetriever — uses an LLM to generate multiple query variants, retrieves for each, deduplicates results
• ContextualCompressionRetriever — post-processes retrieved documents to extract only the relevant sentences, reducing noise injected into the prompt
• SelfQueryRetriever — parses natural language queries to extract both a semantic search string and metadata filters (e.g. 'articles from 2024 about Python')
• ParentDocumentRetriever — retrieves small chunks for precision but returns their larger parent documents for fuller context
• EnsembleRetriever — combines results from multiple retrievers (e.g. BM25 keyword + vector) using reciprocal rank fusion

from langchain_community.retrievers import BM25Retriever
from langchain.retrievers import EnsembleRetriever

bm25 = BM25Retriever.from_documents(docs, k=4)
vector = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 4})

hybrid = EnsembleRetriever(retrievers=[bm25, vector], weights=[0.5, 0.5])
results = hybrid.invoke("How does LangChain memory work?")

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