How are Go maps implemented internally and what does that mean for performance?

Go's built-in map is a hash table composed of an array of buckets. Each bucket holds up to 8 key-value pairs and a compact bitmask (the tophash) of the top 8 bits of each key's hash — used for quick equality rejection without a full key comparison.

// Map creation
m := make(map[string]int)          // empty, grows as needed
m2 := make(map[string]int, 100)    // hint: pre-allocate for ~100 entries

// The hint avoids rehashing during initial population
// Map automatically grows (rehash) when load factor ~6.5 entries/bucket

// Comma-ok idiom — distinguish missing key from zero value
m["alice"] = 0
val, ok := m["alice"]  // val=0,  ok=true   — key exists
val, ok  = m["bob"]   // val=0,  ok=false  — key absent
if !ok { fmt.Println("key not found") }

// Deleting a key
delete(m, "alice") // no-op if key absent, no panic

// Iteration order is intentionally randomised
for k, v := range m {
    fmt.Println(k, v) // order differs across runs
}

// Maps are NOT thread-safe — concurrent reads+writes cause a fatal error
// Detected by the race detector: go run -race ./...

// Safe alternatives:
// 1. sync.Mutex protecting the map
// 2. sync.RWMutex for read-heavy workloads
// 3. sync.Map (optimised for high-concurrency, low-write scenarios)

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