How do you architect Go services for maximum testability at the package level?

Testable architecture is not an afterthought — it follows from correct dependency direction. The key principle: business logic in inner packages depends on abstractions (interfaces), not on concrete infrastructure. This enables unit testing without a database or network.

// Layered architecture with interfaces at boundaries

// domain/user.go — inner layer, no infrastructure imports
package domain

type UserRepository interface {
    FindByID(ctx context.Context, id int) (*User, error)
    Save(ctx context.Context, u *User) error
}

type EmailSender interface {
    Send(ctx context.Context, to, subject, body string) error
}

type UserService struct {
    repo  UserRepository
    email EmailSender
}

// All business logic here — easily unit testable
func (s *UserService) Register(ctx context.Context, req RegisterRequest) (*User, error) {
    // validation, business rules — no DB/network calls directly
    if err := validateEmail(req.Email); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid email: %w", err)
    }
    u := &User{Email: req.Email, Name: req.Name}
    if err := s.repo.Save(ctx, u); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("saving user: %w", err)
    }
    s.email.Send(ctx, u.Email, "Welcome!", "Thanks for joining.")
    return u, nil
}

// domain/user_test.go — fast unit test, no DB or network
func TestUserService_Register(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        name    string
        email   string
        repoErr error
        wantErr bool
    }{
        {"valid", "alice@example.com", nil, false},
        {"invalid email", "notanemail", nil, true},
        {"db error", "bob@example.com", errors.New("db down"), true},
    }
    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            svc := &UserService{
                repo:  &stubRepo{saveErr: tt.repoErr},
                email: &noopEmailer{},
            }
            _, err := svc.Register(context.Background(),
                RegisterRequest{Email: tt.email})
            if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
                t.Errorf("got err=%v, wantErr=%v", err, tt.wantErr)
            }
        })
    }
}

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