How do you read from and write to files in Python?

Python's built-in open() function returns a file object. Always use it as a context manager with with — this guarantees the file is closed (and the OS buffer flushed) even if an exception occurs, avoiding resource leaks.

# Writing a file
with open('notes.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write('Line one\n')
    f.writelines(['Line two\n', 'Line three\n'])

# Reading the whole file at once
with open('notes.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    content = f.read()   # one big string

# Reading line by line (memory-efficient for large files)
with open('notes.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for line in f:               # file object is itself an iterator
        print(line.rstrip())     # strip trailing newline

# Reading all lines into a list
with open('notes.txt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    lines = f.readlines()        # ['Line one\n', 'Line two\n', ...]

Mode strings: 'r' (read, default), 'w' (write, truncates), 'a' (append), 'x' (exclusive create, fails if exists), 'b' suffix for binary mode ('rb', 'wb'). Always specify encoding='utf-8' explicitly — relying on the platform default causes bugs on Windows where the default is often cp1252.

For JSON specifically, import json and use json.load(f) / json.dump(data, f, indent=2) inside a with open() block. For CSV, the csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter classes handle quoting and delimiter edge cases correctly.

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